News highlights on health security threats and countermeasures curated by Global Biodefense
This week’s selections include the Disease X Act of 2023; stockpiling experimental vaccines for rare infectious diseases; Sudan ebolavirus Phase 1 clinical trial; and using the microbiome to protect against radiation exposure.
POLICY + GOVERNMENT
Disease X Act of 2023 Introduced in U.S. Senate
U.S. Senators Tammy Baldwin (D-WI) and Thom Tillis (R-NC) introduced the Disease X Act of 2023 to develop the necessary medical countermeasures (MCMs) to combat future pandemics. The legislation provides funding of $40 million per year for five years specifically for Disease X MCMs and requires products developed using funding from the Disease X Program be substantially manufactured in the United States. “The Disease X Act of 2023 empowers BARDA to invest in modern technologies that will lead to new vaccines and drugs against pandemic–capable viruses.” Senate.gov
New Scheme Aims to Get Vaccines to Outbreaks Faster, Gavi Says
Three global health bodies (Gavi, the World Health Organization and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations) are teaming up to investigate stockpiling experimental vaccines – known as the global virtual pooled inventory (GVPI) – for rare infectious diseases so the shots can be tested more quickly when outbreaks happen. It will focus initially on Marburg and the Sudan strain of Ebola, after outbreaks of the two deadly viral haemorrhagic fevers in Africa last year. Reuters
Scientists Say NIH Proposal Could Hurt International Collaborations
Global health researchers are lobbying the National Institutes of Health to revise its proposed policy change to grant oversight rules that researchers say could slow their work and hurt relationships with international collaborators. The updated policy would require foreign subrecipients of NIH grants to provide copies of their lab notebooks and data to their NIH-funded partners every few months. Right now, those researchers submit progress reports and financial statements and are subject to audits, but the proposal would significantly broaden those requirements. NIH Office of Extramural Research, Politico
Annual Report: Tackling Animal Influenza Through Data Sharing
The 2022 annual report of the WOAH/FAO Network of Expertise on Animal Influenza (OFFLU) highlights its significant contributions in sharing critical scientific data, advancing pandemic preparedness vaccines, and promoting diagnostic capabilities worldwide. World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)
MEDICAL COUNTERMEASURES
A Modernized ClinicalTrials.gov Website is Coming
In June 2023, the modernized version of ClinicalTrials.gov will become the primary site. This is a multi-year effort to modernize ClinicalTrials.gov to deliver an improved user experience on an updated platform that will accommodate future growth and enhance efficiency. In addition, ClinicalTrials.gov has been optimized for mobile devices, so you can access this resource anytime from anywhere. National Center for Biotechnology Information
DARPA Seeks to SHIELD Blood from Fungal and Bacterial Pathogens
DARPA’s new Synthetic Hemo-technologIEs that Locate & Disinfect (SHIELD) program aims to develop broad, preventive treatments for warfighters who suffer trauma from gunshot or blast wounds, or burns. Novel therapies would be administered as combat casualty care post-trauma with the aim to bind, clear, and defeat any fungi and bacteria in a pathogen-agnostic, or broad-spectrum manner before they can become a health risk. These therapies will be designed to protect the recipient for up to a week with a single dose; be durable, non-toxic, rapidly and broadly deployable; and be effective against the many different known and emerging bacterial and fungal threats. DARPA
IAVI Doses First Patients with Sudan Ebolavirus Vaccine Candidate
The first participants have been vaccinated with a Sudan virus (SUDV) vaccine candidate in a first-in-human Phase I clinical trial in the U.S. The IAVI-sponsored trial is funded by the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority. The SUDV vaccine candidate being evaluated in IAVI C108 uses the same recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) viral vector platform as ERVEBO®, Merck’s single-dose Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) vaccine. Approximately 36 healthy adults will be enrolled and will be followed for six months after vaccination to monitor their safety and immune responses to the vaccine candidate. IAVI
Passive Transfer of Animal-Derived Polyclonal Hyperimmune Antibodies Provides Protection from Lethal Lassa Virus Infection
Here, the protective in vivo efficacy of polyclonal antibodies from rabbits hyperimmunized with LASV GP VLPs in a lethal mouse LASV infection model was demonstrated. Mice were completely protected by the hyperimmune IgG when administered before or soon after the LASV challenge and partially protected when treated at the onset of symptoms. Viruses
Availability and Use of Standards in Vaccine Development
This paper advocates for reference material incorporation into assays and their calibration to International Standards from preclinical vaccine development through control testing and provides insight into why this is necessary. It additionally provides information on the availability of WHO international antibody standards for CEPI-priority pathogens. NPJ Vaccines
Structural and Biophysical Analysis of Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 2 Capsid Assembly Variants
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) have been shown to be useful vectors for gene therapy applications. Consequently, AAV has been approved as a biologic for the treatment of several monogenic disorders, and many additional clinical trials are ongoing. Journal of Virology
Techniques to Discover Host Protein Interactions with the E1 Glycoprotein of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV) for Anti-Viral Discovery
A component of the VEEV called E1 allows for the virus to be released from the endosome, which transports the virus into the cell. Currently, E1 is mostly known for this function, yet research found that E1 interacts with 486 protein components of the host cell, suggesting a more elaborate role of E1 than previously understood. This list of interactors provides numerous new targets for potential medications to combat VEEV and other closely related viruses. Virginia Tech
BARDA Partners with ARIScience to Accelerate Screening for Respiratory Stimulant Candidates for Opioid Overdoses
Under BARDA’s Repurposing Drugs in Response to Chemical Threats (ReDIRECT) program, BARDA provided funding to ARIScience to accelerate drug screening efforts for respiratory stimulant candidates to potentially be repurposed and, as a next step, evaluated via ReDIRECT or BARDA’s Chemical Medical Countermeasures programs. MedicalCountermeasures.gov
A Review of Broadly Protective Monoclonal Antibodies to Treat Ebola Virus Disease
Review of viral glycoprotein-targeting mAbs that have proved their broader protective efficacy in animal models. MBP134AF, the most advanced of these new-generation mAb therapies, has recently been deployed in Uganda during the Sudan ebolavirus outbreak. Reviewers discuss the measures associated with enhancing antibody therapies and the risks associated with them, including the rise of escape mutations following the mAb treatment and naturally occurring EBOV variants. Current Opinion in Virology
BIOSECURITY + BIOPREPAREDNESS
Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network
An updated resource page on Vet-LIRN – working to protect human and animal health by coordinating a network of veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Vet-LIRN also educates veterinarians about how to identify and report suspected animal food issues via webinars and case studies. Along with tracking antimicrobial resistance, Vet-LIRN is working to promote antimicrobial stewardship in veterinary medicine. Vet-LIRN is very active in supporting capacity and emergency response related to COVID-19, and evaluating SARS-CoV-2 detection assays at veterinary diagnostic laboratories. FDA
Lessons Learned from Sudan Ebola Virus Disease (SUDV) Preparedness in Rwanda
This paper reviewed the documentation on activities implemented for SUDV preparedness, with a focus on lessons learned from different countries. The paper analyzed the common themes and highlighted the key components of EVD preparedness in Rwanda after declaration of SUDV outbreak in nearby Uganda. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health
Assessing Resilience of a Health System is Difficult But Necessary to Prepare for the Next Crisis
Health systems must constantly prepare for crises that threaten their operations. These include shocks that arise rapidly and are largely unforeseen, like pandemics or extreme weather events. Other types of shocks can arise more insidiously, such as the strains created by prolonged austerity or ageing populations. Yet as Covid-19 showed, when a shock arrives, health systems are often unprepared. Valuable insights can be gained by looking at how well health systems performed during covid-19 to help prepare for future shocks. The BMJ
SELECT AGENTS + PRIORITY PATHOGENS
Mosquito-Borne Eastern Equine Encephalitis Detected in Alabama, Georgia
Public health officials in Georgia are alerting residents of Chatham, Effingham, and Bryan Counties to take precautions against mosquito bites after a chicken in the area tested positive for Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE). In the same week, officials in Mobile, Alabama collected a mosquito which tested positive for EEE. According to the CDC, there are only about 11 human cases of EEE in the U.S. each year. Although rare, EEE is very serious. Approximately 30 percent of people with EEE die and many survivors have ongoing neurologic problems. There is no vaccine available for humans. GA Department of Public Health, AL Mobile County Health Department
BTN3A3 Evasion Promotes the Zoonotic Potential of Influenza A Viruses
Spillover events of avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) to humans could represent the first step in a future pandemic. Here researchers identified human BTN3A3 (butyrophilin subfamily 3 member A3) as a potent inhibitor of avian IAVs but not human IAVs and determined that BTN3A3 is expressed in human airways and its antiviral activity evolved in primates. However, avian IAV serotypes, such as H7 and H9, that spilled over into humans also evade BTN3A3 restriction. Thus, sensitivity or resistance to BTN3A3 is another factor to consider in the risk assessment of the zoonotic potential of avian influenza viruses. Nature
Structure of Monkeypox Virus Poxin: Implications for Drug Design
Here researchers present the crystal structure of an unusual mpox nuclease, poxin, the details of which suggest that poxin inhibitors could be effective against multiple poxviruses. However, the effectiveness of using poxin as an antiviral target requires the development of potent inhibitors to confirm its potential. The natural ligand of poxin is the cyclic dinucleotide cGAMP, which normally activates STING. Recently, many cGAMP analogs have been prepared, and the medicinal chemistry of these compounds is now well understood. Some of these have been shown to be resistant to cleavage by poxins. Researchers here speculate that the use of these compounds will help to determine the exact role of poxins in the life cycle of poxviruses and establish the suitability of poxins as drug targets. Archives of Virology
Long-Term Epidemiology and Evolution of Swine Influenza Viruses, Vietnam
Surveillance of swine influenza virus in Hanoi, Vietnam, during 2013–2019 revealed gene pool enrichment from imported swine from Asia and North America and showed long-term maintenance, persistence, and reassortment of virus lineages. Genome sequencing showed continuous enrichment of H1 and H3 diversity through repeat introduction of human virus variants and swine influenza viruses endemic in other countries. In particular, the North American H1-δ1a strain, which has a triple-reassortant backbone that potentially results in increased human adaptation, emerged as a virus that could pose a zoonotic threat. Co-circulation of H1-δ1a viruses with other swine influenza virus genotypes raises concerns for both human and animal health. Emerging Infectious Diseases
Henipavirus Zoonosis: Outbreaks, Animal Hosts and Potential New Emergence
This review aims to provide a concise update on the epidemiology of henipaviruses covering their previous and current outbreaks with emphasis on the known and potential role of livestock as intermediate hosts in disease transmission. Also included is an up-to-date summary of newly emerging henipa-like viruses and animal hosts. Frontiers in Microbiology
IL-1R2-Based Biomarker Models Predict Melioidosis Mortality Independent of Clinical Data
Melioidosis is an often-fatal tropical infectious disease caused by the Gram-negative bacillus Burkholderia pseudomallei, but few studies have identified promising biomarker candidates to predict outcome. Identifying patients at highest risk of poor outcomes can help in guiding clinical management and resource allocation. This study reports the development and validation of a plasma biomarker model to predict mortality in melioidosis. A model comprised of plasma concentrations of IL-1R2 and sTREM-1 performed better than an organ failure model in both derivation and external validation cohorts in predicting mortality in melioidosis. Frontiers in Medicine
Mucin-like Domain of the Ebola Glycoprotein Does Not Impact Virulence or Pathogenicity in Ferrets
While several viral proteins including VP24, VP35, and the soluble glycoprotein (sGP) are understood to contribute to virulence, less is known of the contribution of the highly variable mucin-like domain (MLD) of EBOV. This study generated an infectious EBOV clone that lacks the MLD and assessed its virulence in ferrets compared with wild type virus. The results showed that EBOV MLD does not play a critical role in acute pathogenesis of EVD in ferrets. The Journal of Infectious Diseases
A Novel Triple Reassortment H3N8 Avian Influenza Virus: Characteristics, Pathogenicity, and Transmissibility
This study reports the isolation of a novel triple reassortment H3N8 virus (GD-H3N8) from chicken flocks in Guangdong province, China, in 2022. The GD-H3N8 virus contains the Eurasian avian duck-origin H3 gene, the North American avian N8 gene, and dynamic internal genes of the H9N2 virus, and shows high homology with human H3N8 strains. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
CHEMICAL + RADIOLOGICAL THREATS
IAEA Director General Statement on Situation in Ukraine
Ukraine’s Zaporizhzhya Nuclear Power Plant (ZNPP) lost the connection to its main external power line early this morning, forcing it to rely on recently restored back-up power supplies for the electricity it needs for essential nuclear safety and security functions. The ZNPP’s sole remaining 750 kilovolt (kV) power line – out of four available before the conflict – was disconnected at 01:21am local time today. It was not immediately known what had prompted the power cut or how long it would last. “This time the plant avoided a complete loss of all external power – which has happened seven times previously during the conflict – but the latest power line cut again demonstrates the precarious nuclear safety and security situation at the plant.” IAEA
Ukrainian Nuclear Plant is Just One of Innumerable Problems for Its Neighbors
Ukraine’s president, Volodymyr Zelensky, keeps warning of an impending nuclear tragedy. His military intelligence chief, Kyrylo Budanov, recently said the Russians have “drafted and approved” a plan to sabotage the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, Europe’s biggest. Many local officials have fallen into line, and last week communities across central Ukraine snapped into action and held emergency drills to prepare themselves for a disaster that the officials believe could spread a radioactive cloud over the entire area. But for nearby residents in the town of Nikopol, life must goes on. New York Times
Using the Microbiome to Protect Against Radiation Exposure
Beth McCormick, PhD, and Vanni Bucci, PhD, have been selected by the NIAID Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program to lead a $3 million effort to explore engineering the gut microbiome to counteract the effects of radiation exposure and total body irradiation. The project was one of four selected for funding by NIAID. The project aims to explore how the presence of resident microbiomes in the body might affect the severity of radiation injuries that would be sustained during a radiation or nuclear incident. The goal is to utilize the microbiome itself to develop medical countermeasures that target the microbiome to treat radiation injury. UMass Chan Medical School
Therapeutic Benefits of Stem Cells and Exosomes for Sulfur-Mustard-Induced Tissue Damage
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a highly toxic chemical agent that causes severe tissue damage, particularly to the eyes, lungs, and skin. Despite advances in treatment, there is a need for more effective therapies for SM-induced tissue injury. Stem cell and exosome therapies are emerging as promising approaches for tissue repair and regeneration. Stem cells can differentiate into multiple cell types and promote tissue regeneration, while exosomes are small vesicles that can deliver therapeutic cargo to target cells. Several preclinical studies demonstrated the potential of stem cell, exosome, or combination therapy for various tissue injury, showing improvements in tissue repairing, inflammation, and fibrosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences
SURVEILLANCE + DETECTION
Trove of New Coronaviruses Uncovered in Bats — But Threat is Unclear
Coronavirus hunters looking for the next pandemic threats have focused on China and southeast Asia, where wild bats carry SARS-CoV-2’s closest known relatives. But a survey of UK bat species suggests that researchers might want to cast a wider net. The trawl turned up new coronaviruses, and some from the same group as SARS-CoV-2. Nature
Enhanced Surveillance of Severe Avian Influenza Virus Infections in Hospital Settings in the EU
This document describes how to strengthen surveillance in hospital settings for the identification of severely affected patients infected with avian influenza virus. ECDC
Threat Net: A Metagenomic Surveillance Network for Biothreat Detection and Early Warning
Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of symptomatic clinical samples may enable detection early enough to contain outbreaks, limit international spread, and expedite countermeasure development. This article proposes a clinical mNGS architecture called “Threat Net,” which focuses on the hospital emergency department as a high-yield surveillance location. Health Security
Creating an Ultra-Sensitive Detection Platform for Monkeypox Virus DNA Based on CRISPR Technology
Here researchers exploited the cleavage properties of the Cas12a enzyme and Cas13a enzyme, to detect the MPXV specific genes, F3L gene and B6R gene, respectively. They developed two detection protocols: a 2-step method in which the CRISPR Dual System reaction and the multiplex recombinase polymerase amplification reaction were carried out in separate tubes and a single-tube method in which both reactions were carried out in one tube. Evaluation of the two methods showed that the protocol can detect the MPXV genome down to 10° copies/μL with good specificity and no cross-reactivity with other poxviruses pseudoviruses, and bacteria. Journal of Medical Virology
VectorNet: Collaborative Mapping of Arthropod Disease Vectors in Europe and Surrounding Areas Since 2010
This paper aims to provide details of the data standardization and methodology underlying the mapping of the VectorNet priority species, to present and summarize the maps, and using data collected up to 2021, compare them with the other standardized databases and assess their use and impact. Eurosurveillance
Advancement in Paper-Based Electrochemical Biosensing and Emerging Diagnostic Methods
The application of electrochemical sensing and paper as a suitable substrate for point-of-care testing platforms has led to the emergence of electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePADs). This study seeks to provide a concise summary of the present state and uses of ePADs with insights on their practicality in the field. Future developments in ePADs biosensors include developing novel paper-based systems, improving system performance with a novel biocatalyst, and combining the biosensor system with other cutting-edge tools such as machine learning and 3D printing. Biosensors
Retrospective on Molecular Assay Design for Detecting Pan-Orthopox Viruses
Recent outbreaks such as mpox, Sudan ebolavirus, and Marburg virus further reinforce need to bring in vitro diagnostic (IVD) devices from the laboratory directly to the consumer. The increased emergence of tropical disease outbreaks requires the need for more agile development, higher performance, and mass production of IVD devices. Further, lessons learned in previous device developments can sometimes be leveraged towards accelerating new disease diagnostic applications. Frontiers in Tropical Diseases
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE CRISIS
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: Novel Treatment Approach Breakthroughs
The ideal treatments for MRSA remain challenging, and the quest for new antibiotic targets and advanced drug delivery systems with safety profiles is necessary to ensure treating MRSA infections adequately in the future. This article primarily focuses on different therapeutic medications and their modes of action for general microbial infections and goes through the latest developments in novel drug delivery technologies, such as hydrogels, lipid particles, nanocarriers, and polymers for MRSA treatment. Bulletin of the National Research Centre
Nationwide Outbreak of Candida auris Infections Driven by COVID-19 Hospitalizations, Israel, 2021–2022
Candida auris is a drug-resistant fungal pathogen that has emerged over the past decade as a cause of nosocomial outbreaks with substantial mortality rates. Here researchers report C. auris incidence rate increased 30-fold in 2021, corresponding in time with surges of COVID-19–related hospitalization. A total of 23% of patients had COVID-19, and 78% received mechanical ventilation. At the hospital level, outbreaks initially involved mechanically ventilated patients in specialized COVID-19 units and then spread sequentially to ventilated non–COVID-19 patients and nonventilated patients. Emerging Infectious Diseases
Drugging Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance at a Regulatory Network Hub
Evolution of antibiotic resistance is a world health crisis, fueled by new mutations. Drugs to slow mutagenesis could, as cotherapies, prolong the shelf-life of antibiotics, yet evolution-slowing drugs and drug targets have been underexplored and ineffective. Here, researchers used a network-based strategy to identify drugs that block hubs of fluoroquinolone antibiotic-induced mutagenesis. Science Advances
COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Broad Sarbecovirus Neutralizing Antibodies Obtained by Computational Design and Synthetic Library Screening
Members of the Sarbecovirus subgenus of Coronaviridae have twice caused deadly threats to humans. There is increasing concern about the rapid mutation of SARS-CoV-2, which has evolved into multiple generations of epidemic variants in 3 years. Here researchers established a structure-based computational pipeline to design and optimize neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) to obtain more potent and broader neutralizing activity across multiple sarbecoviruses. They screened and identified nanobodies from a highly diversified synthetic library with a broad neutralizing spectrum using an elaborate screening strategy. These methodologies provide guidance for the rapid development of antibody therapeutics against emerging pathogens with highly variable characteristics. Journal of Virology
Antibodies Capable of Enhancing SARS-CoV-2 Infection Can Circulate in Patients with Severe COVID-19
One of the limitations in the development of vaccines and antibody preparations against new viral infections is the concern that antibodies could enhance the infection. The results of this study demonstrated for the first time that in animals, SARS-CoV-2 can induce antibody/antibodies that can elicit antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Moreover, in the sera of patients with severe COVID-19, there are antibodies competing for the binding of an epitope that is recognized by the ADE-eliciting mAb. International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Assessment of Broadly Reactive Responses in Patients with MERS-CoV Infection and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination
These results suggest that COVID-19 vaccination might enhance preexisting immunity against MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, and to a lesser extent, against other human coronaviruses. JAMA Network Open, CIDRAP
Characterization of SARS-Cov-2 Strains Resistant to Nirmatrelvir
Nirmatrelvir, an oral antiviral agent that targets a SARS-CoV-2 main protease (3CLpro), is clinically useful against infection with SARS-CoV-2 including its omicron variants. Since most omicron subvariants have reduced sensitivity to many monoclonal antibody therapies, potential SARS-CoV-2 resistance to nirmatrelvir is a major public health concern. Nature Communications
Long COVID: Answers Emerge on How Many People Get Better
An estimated 65 million or more people1 are still living with the often devastating effects of long COVID — and scientists are still struggling to understand this complex condition. But researchers now have enough data to provide some preliminary answers to urgent questions about the condition, such as the timescale for possible improvement, factors that raise the risk of developing long COVID, and what can be done to prevent it. Nature
Patient Emergency Health-Care Use Before Hospital Admission for COVID-19 and Long-Term Outcomes
This national cohort study in Scotland aimed to uncover what effect the pattern of health-care use before admission to hospital with COVID-19 (index admission) has on the long-term outcomes for patients. Results showed Long-term mortality and readmission rates for patients hospitalized with COVID-19 were high; within 1 year, one in three patients had died and a third had been readmitted as an emergency. Patterns of hospital use before index admission were strongly predictive of mortality and readmission risk, independent of age, pre-existing comorbidities, and COVID-19 vaccination status. This increasingly precise identification of individuals at high risk of poor outcomes from COVID-19 will enable targeted support. The Lancet Digital Health
Predicting COVID-19 Infection Risk in People Who are Immunocompromised
Identification of a laboratory correlate of infection risk would allow doctors and policy makers to target additional COVID-19 treatment or prophylactic efforts to people who are most in need. This study is the first to successfully establish an association between antibody and T-cell responses and clinical outcomes from COVID-19 disease in people who are immunocompromised. The Lancet
SPECIAL INTEREST
Why Specialize in Infectious Diseases?
“Arcane knowledge and obscure details matter, and making the right ID diagnosis often hinges on an infectious disease physician having a deep knowledge of all clinically relevant pathogens. This may include eliciting travel or sexual history, knowing to ask about an obscure aspect of a patient’s work exposures, or even asking whether a patient’s pet fish has scoliosis.” UNC School of Medicine
Podcast: Pathogens in Pop Culture: Contagion, Outbreak, and Pathogen Response
How pop culture depictions of infectious disease outbreaks, as seen in movies such as Outbreak and Contagion, compare to the impact of COVID-19 on emergency response, public health, and health care systems. NETEC Transmission Interrupted
Next Generation for Biosecurity Competition Open for Applications
The seventh annual Next Generation for Biosecurity Competition is now open. NTI | bio, along with the Next Generation for Global Health Security (GHS) Network (NextGen), the iGEM Foundation, 80,000 Hours, SynBio Africa, and the Global Health Security Network (GHSN), hosts this competition to provide a platform for the next generation of global leaders in biosecurity to produce and present original research to the wider biosecurity community. The deadline is 11 Sep 2023. NTI
ALSO READING
Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus in Wild Birds, South Korea. Emerging Infectious Diseases
Detection of Coronaviruses in Bats in Lebanon during 2020. Pathogens
Inactivated Zika virus vaccine and the complexity of flavivirus antigenicity. The Lancet Infectious Diseases
Shot to Protect Against Polio and Five Other Diseases is Approved by Gavi. NY Times
Safety and immunogenicity of a purified inactivated Zika virus vaccine candidate in adults primed with a Japanese encephalitis virus or yellow fever virus vaccine in the USA. The Lancet Infectious Diseases
African Swine Fever Virus H240R Protein Inhibits the Production of Type I Interferon through Disrupting the Oligomerization of STING. Journal of Virology
The next frontier for malaria vaccination. Nature
Shiga Toxin and Its Effect on the Central Nervous System. Trending Topics in Escheria coli Research
Exploring the Role of Viral Genomics in Pandemic Preparedness. Technology Networks
Prospecting for Zoonotic Pathogens by Using Targeted DNA Enrichment. Emerging Infectious Diseases
A chimeric classical insect-specific flavivirus provides complete protection against West Nile virus lethal challenge in mice. The Journal of Infectious Diseases
Promising tuberculosis vaccine gets US$550-million shot in the arm. Nature
The C-terminus of Sudan ebolavirus VP40 contains a functionally important CXnC motif, a target for redox modifications. Structure
Structure and antigenicity of divergent Henipavirus fusion glycoproteins. Nature Communications
Investigating the Genetic Diversity of H5 Avian Influenza Viruses in the United Kingdom from 2020–2022. Microbiology Spectrum
Network analysis of pig movement data as an epidemiological tool: an Austrian case study. Scientific Reports