This edition includes strategies to improve Ebola virus disease post-exposure prophylaxis treatments, a new paper on the origin of SARS-CoV-2, “scoop and run” as the best approach for nerve agent mass casualty events, and how our T cell memory responses from seasonal flu may provide some pre-existing immunity to H5N1.
FEATURED
Improving Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak Control Through Targeted Post-Exposure Prophylaxis
Explores how a strategic integration of monoclonal antibodies and vaccines as PEP could provide both immediate and long-term protection against Ebola virus disease, highlighting ongoing clinical research. The Lancet Global Health
Scientists Again Link Covid Pandemic Origin to Wuhan Market Animals
Following extensive genomic analysis of samples from the market in Wuhan, the authors of the Cell study say the presence of two SARS-CoV-2 lineages — known as A and B — circulating in the market suggests that the virus jumped twice from animals to people. The researchers conclude that, although it is possible that infected humans brought the virus to the market on two separate occasions, that is a much less likely scenario than the virus jumping twice from animals, especially since their analysis suggests that very few people would have been infected at that point and it is unlikely that one person seeded both lineages. Nature, NPR, AP, Washington Post
Optimizing Medical Care During a Nerve Agent Mass Casualty Incident Using Computer Simulation
Chemical mass casualty incidents (MCIs) pose a substantial threat to public health and safety, with the capacity to overwhelm healthcare infrastructure. Findings from a simulated model of an urban subway sarin attack analogous to the 1995 Tokyo sarin incident determined a Stay and Play approach with on-site decontamination will lead to worse outcomes than a Scoop and Run approach with hospital-based decontamination. Journal of Medical Systems
T Cells May Offer Some Protection in an H5N1 ‘Spillover’ Scenario
A new study from LJI compared genetic sequences from H5N1 to seasonal influenza viruses that already circulate in humans, identifying important similarities which allowed them to predict that many people already have “cross-reactive” T cells that are ready to target H5N1. “We can predict that—in the majority of cases—our T cells have memory responses and can provide pre-existing immunity to H5N1.” La Jolla Institute for Immunology
POLICY + GOVERNMENT
As Biosecure Bill Advances, Drugmakers Prepare for Prospect of China Pivot
Some of the most widely used drug contractors are based in China. But the U.S. biopharmaceutical industry may eventually be pushed to cut ties with those partners if the Biosecure Act, which passed in the House of Representatives last week, becomes law. BioPharma Dive
Synergistic Effects of Deterrence by Denial and Safeguards in the Biological Weapons Convention: Building on the History of International Nuclear Safeguards
The goal of deterrence by denial in biosecurity extends beyond dissuading attacks. It also encompasses the protection of citizens in the event of an attack. In presenting a historical overview of nuclear safeguards and shedding light on the limitations of the IAEA safeguards system, the study outlined the distinction between safeguards and verification, emphasizing that safeguards are intended not only to prevent violations of agreements but also to address non-compliance. Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament
Readout of White House Convening on Mpox
Leaders from the National Security Council and the White House Office of Pandemic Preparedness and Response Policy convened a roundtable on Monday with Federal agencies, global and domestic public health partners, advocacy organizations, and community leaders to discuss the escalating “clade I” mpox outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and multiple other countries that have never before had mpox cases. The White House
HHS Needs to Identify Duplicative Pandemic IT Systems and Implement Key Privacy Requirements
This report addresses, among other things, the extent to which HHS has identified and reduced unnecessary duplication, overlap, or fragmentation in its preparedness and response data capabilities; and instituted privacy safeguards on selected systems when collecting public health preparedness and response data. GAO
Integrating Randomized Controlled Trials for Drug and Biological Products into Routine Clinical Practice
On Tuesday, the FDA issued a draft guidance which will support the conduct of randomized controlled trials with streamlined protocols and procedures that focus on essential data collection, allowing integration of research into routine clinical practice. Traditional randomized controlled drug trials typically capture a large amount of patient information at baseline and over the course of the trial. Leveraging established health care institutions and existing clinical expertise in the medical community can reduce startup times and speed up enrollment. Submit comments on the draft by 17 Dec. FDA
The Biological Weapons Amendment to the ICC Statute and National Provisions: Mutually Reinforcing Evidence for Customary Criminalization?
After a contentious path, the amendment incorporating biological weapons into Article 8 of the ICC Statute was finally adopted in 2017. Since then, 18 states have ratified the amendment. This article examines the amendment in light of national provisions addressing the use of biological weapons in armed conflict. Journal of International Criminal Justice
MEDICAL COUNTERMEASURES
Antivirals for Monkeypox Virus: Proposing an Effective Machine/Deep Learning Framework
This paper proposes a computational framework for MPXV antiviral prediction, with screening results suggesting that Tilorone, Valacyclovir, Ribavirin, Favipiravir, and Baloxavir marboxil are potentially effective drugs for MPXV treatment. PLOS One
Ethical and Operational Strategies for Scarce Resource Allocation
Scarce resource allocation is a mainstay of disaster response. During the COVID-19 response, a range of medical countermeasures including antivirals, vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were used, often with not enough to go around. Due to this scarcity, frameworks for the ethical allocation of these scarce resources bloomed across the country. It is in this context of scarcity that Xiao et al ground their novel approach to allocation for mAbs. Leveraging machine learning techniques and using electronic health record data, they propose a policy learning tree (PLT)–based approach to mAb allocation, which in their modeling would have resulted in a reduction in rates of hospitalization for severe COVID-19 of 1.6% compared to the observed rate (3.7%) using standard clinical approaches during the fall and winter of 2021. JAMA Health Forum
Bavarian Nordic Receives EMA Approval of Mpox Vaccine for Adolescents
The European Commission has adopted the CHMP recommendation for the approval of a type II variation for IMVANEX (MVA-BN – marketed as Jynneos in the United States) smallpox and mpox vaccine, extending the current marketing authorization to include adolescents 12 to 17 years of age. European Medicines Agency, Bavarian Nordic
The Case for a Global Therapeutics Development Coalition
Lessons learnt from previous outbreaks, and the panic-neglect cycle, demonstrate the importance of a sustainable and responsive end-to-end R&D ecosystem, which can be mobilized during emergencies to rapidly develop key MCMs–including therapeutics. However, among WHO’s priority pathogens with pandemic potential, there are currently only approved therapeutics available for COVID-19 and Ebola Zaire and few candidates for other viral families of concern progressing through the development pipeline. PLOS Global Public Health
Antibody Profiling in Marburg Virus Survivors Identifies Wing Domain Immunogen for Vaccine Design
Limited knowledge exists on the quality of polyclonal antibody responses generated following Marburg virus (MARV) infection and its evolution in survivors. In this study, we evaluate MARV proteome-wide antibody repertoire longitudinally in convalescent phase approximately every six months for five years following MARV infection in ten human survivors. Nature Communications
BARDA Awards $29M for First-In-Class Anti-Fungal Treatments
The award to Basilea Pharmaceutica is for development of two anti-fungal therapeutics, Fosmanogepix and BAL2062, both with the potential to treat drug-resistant invasive fungal infections. Additional funding could be awarded by BARDA if contract options are exercised. MedicalCountermeasures.gov
Preclinical Evaluation of a Fully Human, Quadrivalent-Hantavirus Polyclonal Antibody Derived from a Non-Human Source
This candidate polyclonal human IgG product was produced using synthetic gene-based vaccines and transgenic cows. Having now gone through cGMP production, GLP safety testing, and efficacy testing in animals, SAB-163 is the world’s most advanced anti-hantavirus antibody-based medical countermeasure, aside from convalescent human plasma. Importantly, SAB-163 targets the most prevalent hantaviruses on four continents. mBio
BIOSECURITY + BIOPREPAREDNESS
The United States Isn’t Ready for a Bird Flu Epidemic
“If you look at our capacity today to make flu vaccines that are not even great, just good, we’re talking about having basically the same capacity as we had in 2009 with H1N1. Most of the vaccine back then didn’t arrive until more than eight months after the pandemic began, and it took almost two years to get most people vaccinated, by which time the virus had gone through the population.” Think Global Health
PPE Guidance for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Should Be Adapted to Meet the Needs of Dairy Farm Workers
“Based on the information collected from Michigan dairy workers, in Michigan we have implemented simplified interpretation of current PPE guidance for improved likelihood of adherence, while reducing potential for human exposure. Because cases to date have occurred with direct exposure to animals and secretions, we recommend emphasizing the use of PPE specifically for high-risk activities involving direct exposure to milk or other secretions or when administering oral treatments. Additionally, the type of PPE must be acceptable to workers. Many farm workers in Michigan are choosing to forego PPE because the requirements seem cumbersome.” The Journal of Infectious Diseases
Design Criteria of Shelter Hospitals in Response to Biological Accidents: A Systematic Review
Due to the lack of a guideline, this study collected the design criteria for the transformation of public buildings into shelter hospitals in response to biological events such as epidemics or mass causality biological accidents. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness
The Current State of Preparedness Metrics in the United States and Considerations for the Future
Assessing whether a jurisdiction is prepared for different emergencies is inherently complex and there is a lack of consensus among practitioners and scholars on how to approach preparedness measurement. This study addresses the current state of metrics for public health and health care preparedness in the United States, including gaps in existing metrics and limitations of existing metrics identified during the COVID-19 pandemic and strategies to potentially improve measurement of public health and health care preparedness and address the gaps and limitations in current metrics. HHS Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation
What are the Best Ways to Fight the Next Pandemic?
Experts provided candid, anonymous comments highlighting the need to build out surveillance systems, improve detection and PPE technologies, advance rapid vaccine platforms, implement safeguards on synthetic biology, and address gaps in behavior science and communication at all levels of preparedness and response. 80,000 hours
SELECT AGENTS + PRIORITY PATHOGENS
DRC: Mpox is Just Another Challenge in a Torrent of Vital Problems
“While the lethality of this new strain remains limited, there is still reason to worry. Why? Because conditions necessary to prevent it from spreading in and around Goma are simply not in place, and the capacity to provide care for patients at risk of complications—young children, people with advanced HIV—remains limited. How can we expect families living in tiny shelters, without adequate water, sanitation facilities, or even soap, to implement preventive measures? How can malnourished children have the strength to ward off complications? And how can we expect this variant—which is notably transmitted through sexual contact—to not spread in displacement sites given the dramatic levels of sexual violence and exploitation affecting girls and women living there?” Médecins Sans Frontières
The Zoonotic Potential of Fungal Pathogens: Another Dimension of the One Health Approach
There is no doubt that fungal zoonoses can be a public health problem in the future. The rates are likely to increase further, especially in cases of domestic zoonoses, considering the increasing dependency of humans on animal pets for companionship. Diagnostics
Ongoing Evolution of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2023-2024
Of 558 dromedary camel nasal swabs from Saudi Arabia, sampled November 2023 to January 2024, 39% were positive for MERS-CoV RNA by RT-PCR. Ongoing MERS-CoV spillovers into humans pose significant public health concerns, emphasizing the need for continued surveillance and phenotypic studies. MedRxiv
Investigation of a Human Case of Francisella tularensis Infection, United Kingdom, 2023
Tularemia, caused by Francisella tularensis, is not known to occur in the United Kingdom. This report on a case of tularemia diagnosed in July 2023 in a UK patient with no travel in the 6 weeks before symptom onset outlines the subsequent multiagency investigation into possible routes of acquisition. Emerging Infectious Diseases
Ricin Intoxication by Lethal Dose of Castor Seeds Ingestion: A Case Report
Case of a 47-year-old Belgian woman of Moroccan descent, previously healthy who was admitted to the emergency department with symptoms of colicky abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. The patient was diagnosed with ricin intoxication. Journal of Medical Case Reports
AVIAN INFLUENZA
An Update on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus, Clade 2.3.4.4b
Taken together, although not yet definitive, results of experimental dairy cattle infections are consistent with mammary tissue infection and the transmission route among dairy cattle rather than respiratory transmission. In the ferret model, experimental infections with HPAI A(H5N1) viruses, clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype B3.13, from dairy cattle have resulted in variable disease, robust contact transmission, and inefficient but detectable airborne transmission. Limited airborne transmission in ferrets is consistent with low or no observed binding of the bovine A(H5N1) viruses to sialic acid linked receptors. One ferret study showed that infection with a seasonal influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus can blunt the pathogenicity of subsequent infection with HPAI A(H5N1) virus, genotype B3.13, raising the potential of some preexisting immunity in humans not previously exposed to HPAI A(H5N1) viruses. The Journal of Infectious Diseases
USDA Decision Clears Deck for Avian Flu Vaccine
The Center for Veterinary Biologics recently put out a notice that allows H5N1 field vaccine studies to occur outside containment facilities with some of the strictest biosecurity measures. This could allow companies that are developing H5N1 vaccines to perform studies quicker, and for USDA to get a vaccine approved sooner. “It creates a better pathway for us to be able to test this vaccine in lactating animals. It doesn’t guarantee that we’ll be able to sell or distribute vaccine. That’s clear in the notice as well. But what it does do is it gives us a chance to test our vaccine and provide the information back to USDA and CVB, if they approve our protocols.” Farm Progress
Massachusetts is First State to Test All Dairy Herds for HPAI H5N1; No Trace of Virus Detected
In light of the ongoing Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreak affecting North American cattle, testing of all 95 licensed dairy farms across the state of Massachusetts has produced 100 percent negative results. To date, Massachusetts is the only state in the U.S. to test the entirety of its dairy herds for the virus. Samples were collected in August 2024 by Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources (MDAR) and laboratory testing was done at no cost to farmers. Food Safety Magazine
CHEMICAL + RADIOLOGICAL THREATS
Exosomes: A New Perspective for Radiation Combined Injury as Biomarker and Therapeutics
Radiation Combined Injuries (RCI) pose formidable public health risks, particularly in the context of nuclear incidents, necessitating specialized treatments and development of biomarkers. This article underscores the pivotal role of exosomes, nano-sized particles (30–120 nm) actively secreted by cells, in addressing the intricate challenges posed by radiation injuries. Tissue and Cell
BIO 300: A Prophylactic Radiation Countermeasure for Acute Radiation Syndrome
Exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation can result in hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of an aqueous suspension of synthetic genistein nanoparticles (BIO 300) as a radioprotectant in a pilot efficacy study using an NHP model. Military Medicine
Evaluation of CBRN Preparedness of German Hospitals
The level of CBRN preparedness is heterogeneous for German hospitals. Most were well prepared for infectious patients, but only half of all hospitals had sufficient PPE for chemical incidents and only 30% had a decontamination facility available. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness
Developing an RNA Signature for Radiation Injury Using a Human Liver-on-a-Chip Model
Demonstrates the potential utility of a microfluidic human liver-on-a-chip model with primary cells to model organ-specific radiation injury, establishing a model for radiation medical countermeasure development and further biomarker validation. Radiation Research
Evaluation of Metabolic Profile Following Delayed Toxicity of Sulfur Mustard in Chemical Veterans
Sulfur mustard can damage DNA, induce oxidative stress, inhibit cellular division, cause mutations and cancer, and trigger cellular apoptosis and death In the long term. This new study of Iranians exposed to chemical weapons during the Iraq-Iran war more than 30 years ago notes metabolic changes, notably elevated cholesterol and hemoglobin. Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique
SURVEILLANCE + DETECTION
From Fax to Secure File Transfer Protocol: The 25-Year Evolution of Real-Time Syndromic Surveillance in England
Each working day, UKHSA analyzes syndromic data from over 200,000 daily patient encounters with the National Health Service, monitoring over 140 unique syndromic indicators, risk assessing over 50 daily statistical exceedances, and taking and recommending public health action on these daily. This English syndromic surveillance service had its origins as a small exploratory pilot in a single region of England in 1999 involving a new pilot telehealth service, initially reporting only on “cold or flu” calls. Journal of Medical Internet Research
Optical Image Sensors for Smart Analytical Chemiluminescence Biosensors
Optical biosensors have emerged as a powerful tool in analytical biochemistry, offering high sensitivity and specificity in the detection of various biomolecules. This article explores the advancements in the integration of optical biosensors with microfluidic technologies, creating lab-on-a-chip (LOC) platforms that enable rapid, efficient, and miniaturized analysis at the point of need. Bioengineering
Modern Biosurveillance Methods: A Lay Introduction to Effective Use of Nucleic Acid Methods
This report summarizes how current and emerging nucleic acid biosurveillance techniques work, describes their capabilities and limitations, and discusses the promise of emerging technologies. RAND
Sampling and Analysis Methods of Air-Borne Microorganisms in Hospital Air
This article reviews the sampling and detection of different kinds of microorganisms in bioaerosols from indoor diagnostic and therapeutic settings, with a particular focus on microbial activity. BioTechniques
Rapid Detection of Bat Coronaviruses from Fecal Samples Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification
Surveillance of bat CoVs is crucial for addressing future pandemics. Findings indicate the potential of the RT-LAMP assay for on-site detection in the field and subsequent laboratory analysis for comprehensive sampling and further research on bat CoV isolation. Journal of Virological Methods
The Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network Supports High-Quality Surveillance
With 762 laboratories, the Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network (GMRLN) is the largest laboratory network coordinated by the WHO. Laboratories in the GMRLN have strong links to national disease control and vaccination programs. The GMRLN is well-positioned to transition to supporting laboratory testing for other pathogens. Vaccines
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
The Silent Invaders: Oropouche and Melao Viruses, Causes of Increased Public Health Risks for the Americas
The Oropouche virus is emerging as a major public health threat worldwide, yet for the Americas, it raises complex challenges that intersect with other existing arboviral threats such as Zika dengue and Chikungunya viruses. The effects of climate change, particularly in the Caribbean, may exacerbate the transmission of these viruses by exposing human exposure risk to vectors. Public health systems in the Americas are under strain due to complex clinical management of these infections necessitating enhanced surveillance, clinical vigilance, diagnostics and vector control. Infectious Diseases
France Steps Up African Swine Fever Surveillance at German Border
France has increased its surveillance of African swine fever (ASF) along part of the border with Germany as the disease continues to spread among wild boar in much of Europe, the agriculture ministry said on Tuesday. The French farming ministry is examining the possibility of setting up fences along the German border to stop the disease, a tactic it previously used to prevent ASF spreading from Belgium. Reuters
How Long Has Sin Nombre Hantavirus Lived in North America?
Over the last couple of decades, the U.S. recorded roughly 800 laboratory-confirmed cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), of which 35% were fatal and 94% occurred west of the Mississippi River. Although New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, California, Washington, and Texas typically lead the country in reported cases, Sin Nombre virus (SNV) has now infected at least one person in 40 of our 48 lower states. MedPage Today
Virus That Causes Paralyzing Illness is Spiking in the U.S., Wastewater Data Shows
Wastewater samples have detected a significant escalation in an enterovirus called D68, which, in rare cases, has been linked to acute flaccid myelitis, or AFM. The illness affects the nervous system and causes severe weakness in the arms and legs. This most often occurs in young children. NBC News
Over Half of US Kids Infected with RSV in Infancy, New Data Show
According to new study, 53.4% of babies were infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) during infancy, and 2.8% were hospitalized. Risk factors for RSV infection during infancy include time of year born, presence of siblings, daycare attendance, poverty and insurance status. Data from the study provide benchmarks to monitor effects of maternal vaccines and extended half-life monoclonal antibodies. CIDRAP, EID
Whooping Cough Cases in Wisconsin Are 10 Times Higher Than Last Year, DHS Says
Whooping cough cases in Wisconsin are 10 times higher than last year, with case counts reaching pre-pandemic levels, the Wisconsin Department of Health Services said in a news release on Thursday. As of Sept. 13, DHS had logged 625 confirmed cases of whooping cough, or pertussis, in 2024. That’s compared to 51 cases last year. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE CRISIS
Working as a Microbiologist with MSF Means You Get to See the Full Picture
Microbiologist Candice Lynch switched from working in an Australian lab to taking her public health and tropical medicine skills overseas with Médecins Sans Frontières/Doctors Without Borders (MSF). “There are very few microbiology labs in Sierra Leone, so this work is very important in this region. Antibiotics are readily available and easy to purchase on the street, so are commonly used without a prescription, whether they’re good quality or not. Women often use antibiotics after their monthly cycle to cleanse, so when they give birth a lot of mothers have already had a lot of antibiotics in their life and have developed resistances. This resistance to antibiotics can be passed onto their babies, which can make treating diseases very difficult.” Médecins Sans Frontières
COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Transplacental Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A Narrative Review
SARS-CoV-2 can potentially infect placental cells, leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes and neonatal infection. While evidence of transplacental transmission has been documented, the risk and mechanisms are not fully understood. Histopathological findings from infected placentas reveal inflammation, vascular changes, and the evidence of viral particles in placental tissues. Clinical reports indicate an increased risk of preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, and neonatal infection in pregnancies affected by COVID-19. However, the frequency and mechanisms of vertical transmission remain variable across studies, highlighting the need for standardized research protocols. Medicina
HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS
History of the Smallpox Vaccine
Over thousands of years, smallpox killed hundreds of millions of people. The rich, the poor, the young, the old. It was a disease that didn’t discriminate, killing at least 1 in 3 people infected, often more in the most severe forms of disease. Mozart was infected, as was Abraham Lincoln. World Health Organization
A Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Pandemic: The 1977 “Russian Flu”
Surprisingly, the 1977 “Russian flu” H1N1 pandemic influenza virus was genetically indistinguishable from strains that had circulated decades earlier but had gone extinct in 1957. This essay puts forward the most plausible chronology to explain the reemergence of the 1977 H1N1 pandemic virus. Johns Hopkins University
10 Years Ago: Time Names the Ebola Fighters as Person of the Year
“2014 is the year an outbreak turned into an epidemic, powered by the very progress that has paved roads and raised cities and lifted millions out of poverty. This time it reached crowded slums in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone; it traveled to Nigeria and Mali, to Spain, Germany and the U.S. It struck doctors and nurses in unprecedented numbers, wiping out a public-health infrastructure that was weak in the first place.” There was little to stop the disease from spreading further. Governments weren’t equipped to respond; the World Health Organization was snarled in red tape. The heroes in this story are the doctors and nurses, ambulance drivers and burial teams. Time
SPECIAL INTEREST
In silico Drug Discovery Workshop
The National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences is hosting a two-day virtual workshop 23-24 Oct to provide scientists with best practices and standards for rigor in the field of computational drug discovery. NCATS
Dr. Peter Hotez to be Honored with Prestigious Winslow Medal
Dr. Peter Hotez, MD, PhD, has been selected as the 2024 recipient of the prestigious C.-E. A. Winslow Medal. As a key figure in advancing global health initiatives, Dr. Hotez has, over a career spanning decades, led efforts to develop vaccines for diseases affecting impoverished populations. An estimated 100 million doses of these vaccines have reached populations in low- and middle-income countries. He has additionally played a vital role in promoting vaccine education and combating misinformation, emphasizing the importance of community engagement and trust in health interventions. Yale School of Public Health
Call for Experts – Technical Advisory Group on Laboratory Services, Systems and Diagnostics in Health Emergencies
The World Health Organization (WHO) is seeking experts to serve as members of the WHO Technical Advisory Group on Laboratory Services, Systems and Diagnostics in Health Emergencies (TAG-LAB). Deadline is 30 Sept. European Research Infrastructure on Highly Pathogenic Agents
ALSO READING
Learning from Liberia’s COVID-19 vaccination program. Think Global Health
Will a backbone of pathogen research be rescued after funders pull the plug? BugBitten
Training public health nurses on disaster shelter care using a flipped classroom approach. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness
A review of swine breeding herd biosecurity to prevent virus entry using porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus as a model pathogen. Animals
The comparison of pathogenicity among SARS-CoV-2 variants in domestic cats. Scientific Reports
Universal health and preparedness review: national phase guidance. World Health Organization
Ebola disease outbreak caused by the Sudan virus in Uganda, 2022: a descriptive epidemiological study. The Lancet Global Health
Amid new mpox outbreak, study suggests waning protection of Jynneos vaccine. CIDRAP
Decontamination of a surgical mask with UV-C irradiation: analysis of experimental results with optical simulations. Applied Optics
Doctors Without Borders closes operations in Russia. AP
A fungus decimated American bats. Now scientists are fighting back. New York Times