H9N2 Avian Influenza

H9N2 avian influenza viruses are low pathogenic but widespread across poultry populations in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. Though often overlooked, H9N2 poses a significant threat to both animal and human health. It has zoonotic potential and has contributed internal genes to more virulent human-infecting strains such as H5N1 and H7N9. Its silent co-circulation with HPAIVs in poultry can undermine surveillance. Due to its endemicity and role in viral reassortment, H9N2 is considered a potential contributor to future pandemics. Recent advances in VLP-based vaccines offer promising control strategies in poultry. Enhanced global surveillance and proactive interventions are essential to mitigate its threat.