A research team led by the University of Leeds has observed for the first time how HIV and Ebola viruses attach to cells to spread infection.
The findings offer a new way of treating such viruses: instead of destroying the pathogens, introduce a block on how they interact with cells.
“Until now, how these viruses attach to cells was a ‘black box’ to chemists. We knew that the viruses were interacting with healthy cells, but the way in which they bound together was still a mystery,” said lead author Dr. Yuan Guo, from the Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology at the University of Leeds.
In the study, the researchers used nano-sized crystals called ‘quantum dots’ that mimicked the shape of the viruses and acted as technological stand-ins in experiments to reveal how they bind to cells.
Quantum dots are fluorescent crystals in which the color of the emitted light is dependent on the size of the crystal – one of several properties that has led to them becoming the most desirable component for the latest generation of televisions. They have also emerged as an advanced type of fluorescent probe for biomolecular and cellular imaging, making them useful for studying how viruses spread.
Using the fluorescence of the quantum dots, the research team behind the new study were able to illuminate the physical binds that attach them to the cells, also revealing how the viruses would bond.
In order to allow the quantum dots to bind to cells, they first had to be coated in sugar – a new technique that was developed at the University of Leeds for this study.
Study co-author Dr. Bruce Turnbull, also from the Astbury Centre, and the University’s School of Chemistry, said: “We often only hear about sugar in a negative light, about how consuming it is bad for our health. But there are many different types of sugars that play a vital role in human biology. In fact, all of our cells are coated in sugar and they interact with other cells by proteins binding with these sugars. Indeed, the reason why we have different blood types is because of the different types of sugar coating on our red blood cells.
“Viruses also attach to the surface of healthy cells through interactions between proteins and sugars. These interactions are weak individually, but can be reinforced by forming multiple contacts to offer the viruses a ‘way in’. We want to understand what factors control this binding process and, eventually, develop a range of inhibitors designed to target specific viral bindings.”
The study has already revealed the different ways in which two cell surface sugar binding proteins that were previously thought to be almost indistinguishable – called ‘DC-SIGN’ and ‘DC-SIGNR’ – bind to the HIV and Ebola virus surface sugars, thereby spreading the viruses.
Study co-lead author Dr. Dejian Zhou, also from the Astbury Centre and the University’s School of Chemistry, said: “These proteins are like twins with different personalities. Their physical make-up is almost identical, yet the efficiency with which they transmit different viruses, such as HIV and Ebola, varies dramatically and the reason behind this had been a mystery.
“Our study has revealed a way to differentiate between these proteins, as we have found that the way in which they bind to virus surface sugars is very different. They both attach via four binding sites to strengthen the bond, but the orientation of these binding pockets differs.”
