Researchers found 53 existing, approved drugs that may keep the Ebola virus from entering human cells, a key step in the process of infection, according to a study led by researchers at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Among the better known drug types shown to hinder infection by an Ebola virus model: several cancer drugs, antihistamines and antibiotics. Among the most effective at keeping the virus out of human cells were microtubule inhibitors used to treat cancer.
“In light of the historic and devastating outbreak of Ebola virus disease, there is an urgent need to rapidly develop useful treatments against Ebola infection, and our study results argue that repurposing existing drugs may be among the fastest ways to achieve this,” said lead author Adolfo García-Sastre, PhD, Director of the Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute within the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. “Many of the compounds identified in this study promise to become lead compounds in near-future drug development efforts studies targeting this virus,” said Dr. García-Sastre.
There is no approved treatment for Ebola virus infection, and the estimated mortality rate of the current Ebola outbreak is nearly 70 percent in many areas. Antibody-based therapy (e.g. ZMapp) has proven effective in animal studies, and has been used for the treatment of a few patients, but has not been confirmed in clinical trials. It is also expensive to make and in short supply. Ebola vaccine trials are getting underway as well, but vaccines will not be available for some time.
“NCATS is all about getting more treatments to more patients more quickly, and this is never more urgent than in the case of a public health emergency like Ebola,” said Christopher P. Austin, MD, Director of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), part of the NIH, which also led the study. “This remarkable team of scientists combined NCATS’ expertise in drug screening and development with Mt. Sinai’s expertise in Ebola virology to rapidly identified candidate treatments for Ebola infection.”
Specifically, the research team used a miniaturized, high-speed technology to screen through sample libraries of 2,816 compounds already approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for other uses. Their assay was designed to identify compounds that blocked the ability of the Ebola virus to enter and infect human cells by at least 50 percent.
While fully intact Ebola virus is a biosafety level (BSL) 4 pathogen and dangerous to work with, the team created a virus-like particle comprised of the Ebola proteins (glycoproteins and matrix proteins) that enable the virus to enter cells, but without many of the genes and proteins that make the virus deadly. When they inserted a fluorescent reporter protein in this virus-like shell, their test became capable of high-speed screening to see which drugs blocked the entry of Ebola-like viral particles into cells as measured by fluorescence. These Ebola mimics can be studied in a BSL-2 facility, making them much safer to work with.
The team’s screen yielded 53 drugs that block Ebola virus-like particles from entering human cells. Along with the drug types mentioned above, other categories that blocked viral entry included estrogen receptor modulators used against cancer and serotonin reuptake inhibitors used to treat depression. Some of the compounds had been shown by previous studies to counter Ebola lifecycle steps.
Next steps include testing of the re-purposed drug candidates in animal studies to see if useful doses against the virus come with toxic side effects.
