Authors
Larisa Rudenko 1,†, Irina Kiseleva 1,†, Elena Krutikova 1, Ekaterina Stepanova 1,*, Irina Isakova-Sivak 1, Svetlana Donina 1, Andrey Rekstin 1, Maria Pisareva 1, Ekaterina Bazhenova 1, Tatiana Kotomina 1, Anastasia Katelnikova 2, Arman Muzhikyan 2, Valery Makarov 2, Erin Grace Sparrow 3 and Guido Torelli 3
1 Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
2 Institute of Preclinical Research Ltd., St. Petersburg 188663, Russia
3 World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
* Correspondence: fedorova.iem@gmail.com; Tel.: +7-812-234-4292
† These authors contributed equally to this work as first authors.
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Viruses
2.2. Ethics Statement
2.3. Animals
2.4. Study Design
2.5. Clinical Signs and Morbidity Outcomes
2.6. Determination of Virus Load in Embryonated Chicken Eggs
2.7. PCR-Based H7N9 Vaccine Virus Detection
2.8. Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay
2.9. Determination of Influenza-Specific Ferret IgG/IgA
2.10. Necropsy
2.11. Histopathology
2.12. Testing of Human Serum Samples
2.13. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Clinical Observations in Ferrets
3.1.1. Body Weight
3.1.2. Clinical Signs
3.1.3. Body Temperature
3.2. Vaccine Virus Replication

Notably, no live virus was found in nasal washes of ferrets in groups 1 and 2 after the second dose of H7N9 LAIV. None of the animals in groups 1–3 had live vaccine virus in the upper airways (Table 2). These data indicate that the single dose of H7N9 vaccine prevented vaccine virus replication after revaccination.
3.3. Pathomorphological Examination of Trachea and Lungs
3.4. Antibody Response to H7N9 LAIV
3.5. Heterologous Antibody Immune Response of Healthy Volunteers to H7N9 Viruses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Disclaimer
Conflicts of Interest
References
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