Zoonotic Threats

Zoonotic diseases—illnesses that pass from animals to humans—represent a significant and growing challenge to global public health. Caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi, these infections account for over 60% of known human infectious diseases and nearly 75% of emerging pathogens. Transmission routes include direct animal contact, food and water contamination, and vector bites (e.g., ticks, mosquitoes). Classic examples range from rabies and anthrax to foodborne illnesses like Salmonella and emerging threats like Ebola, Zika, and COVID-19.

Global factors such as climate change, habitat loss, agricultural intensification, and wildlife trade are accelerating zoonotic spillovers. Vulnerable populations—including children, the elderly, rural communities, and immunocompromised individuals—face heightened risks.